The Effects of Magnesium and Ammonium Additions on Phosphate Recovery from Greenhouse Wastewater

Phosphorus recovery from greenhouse wastewater, using precipitation-crystallization, was conducted under three levels of calcium concentration, 304 mg/L (7.6 mmol/L), 384 mg/L (9.6 mmol/L), and 480 mg/L (12 mmol/L), and also with additions of ammonium and magnesium into the wastewater. Jar test results confirmed high phosphate removal, with more than 90% of the removal achieved with a pH as low as 7.7. Under the low calcium concentration, ammonium addition affected the chemical reactions at pH lower than 8.0, where struvite was produced; when the pH was raised to 8.8, other calcium compounds dominated the precipitation. Under the medium calcium concentration, ammonium and magnesium addition helped struvite precipitation in the low pH range. Hydroxyapatite (HAP) was the main product. Under the high calcium concentration, ammonium addition showed no effects on the precipitation.     

Seasonal and inter-annual variation of Beryllium-7 deposition in birch-tree leaves and grass in the northeast upland area of the Czech Republic

The activity concentrations of Beryllium-7 (⁷Be), a naturally occurring radioisotope produced in the atmosphere, were measured in leaves of birch-trees, above-ground parts of grass, soil and rainwater in the mountain massive Kralicky Sneznik (the northeast of the Czech Republic, altitude about 750 m) in the years of 2005, 2006 and 2007. Dried and ground samples of the plants and soils, and water samples from wet deposition were used to determine the ⁷Be content using a semiconductor gamma spectrometer. The ⁷Be values ranged from 147.0 to 279.6 Bq kg⁻¹, from 48.7 to 740.8 Bq kg⁻¹, from 2.1 to 8.7 Bq kg⁻¹, and from 0.6 to 1.9 Bq kg⁻¹ in birch-tree leaves, grass samples, soils, and rainwater, respectively. Insignificant inter-annual variations but significant increase in the ⁷Be activity concentrations during the spring and summer months were observed in birch-tree leaves and grass samples. The seasonal variation of the ⁷Be concentrations in grass samples correlated (R² = 0.4663 and 0.6489) with precipitation. No similar correlation was found for ⁷Be in birch-tree leaves. Beryllium-7 content in birch-tree leaves and in aerial parts of grass was mainly caused by direct transport of ⁷Be from wet deposition into aerial parts of the observed plants.     

大气气溶胶酸度和酸化缓冲能力研究

为了掌握大气气溶胶与酸性降水的关系 ,分析和研究了中国北方和南方不同观测点可吸入颗粒物 (PM10 )的酸度 ,并利用微量酸碱滴定的方法测定了其酸化缓冲能力。结果表明大气气溶胶具有一定的酸度 ,同时对酸化的缓冲能力非常低 ,甚至可以促进降水的酸化 ,这种污染特征也是上述观测点发生酸性降水的重要原因之一。     

亚热带茶园土壤酸度特征研究——以福建省武夷山市为例

调查测试福建省武夷山市60个茶园6个土类120个土层的土壤酸度指标,分析茶园土壤酸度特征,结果表明:福建省武夷山市茶园0~20cm土层土壤平均pH值为4.52,其中pH < 4.5的重度酸化土壤占总调查样本的55.00%;20~40cm土层土壤平均pH值为4.52,pH < 4.5占53.33%;茶园红壤、紫色土、粗骨土0~20cm、20~40cm土层土壤平均pH值均低于4.5,茶园土壤酸化严重.总体上茶园土壤中交换性Al³⁺的数量和相对比例随交换性酸总量增加而增大,交换性H⁺的相对比例则呈相反的变化特征,交换性Al³⁺占交换性酸的比例为76.67%~98.40%;茶园土壤pH值与交换性酸、H⁺和Al³⁺均呈极显著的负相关关系,相关系数分别为-0.61、-0.46和-0.59.茶园土壤酸碱缓冲性能随着土壤pH值的降低呈现下降趋势;总体上茶园土壤pH值与盐基饱和度呈极显著正相关关系, 土壤pH值与盐基饱和度的正相关主要受到交换性Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺饱和度的制约.但不同土壤类型表现不一,体现了茶园土壤酸度的复杂性、多样性.     

不同的增强试剂对重金属污染场地土壤的电动修复影响

选择重金属污染场地土壤为修复对象,研究了添加络合剂EDTA?有机酸乳酸和柠檬酸以及无机酸硝酸对电动修复该污染土壤的影响.结果表明,增强试剂的加入,显著促进了铜?铅?镍和六价铬在电场中的迁移和去除,电动过程促进了土壤重金属向有效态(醋酸铵提取)转化.其中,在阴极加入乳酸并控制pH3.5的处理,土壤中铜的去除率最高,达78.7%.在阴?阳极都加入EDTA的处理中,土壤中重金属的去除率在30%左右,重金属在靠近阴极的部分发生聚集.在阴极加入柠檬酸的处理中,土壤中铜?镍和六价铬的去除率均较高,分别为68.5%?53.3%和52.9%.阴极加入硝酸控制pH3.5对土壤中六价铬的去除率最高,达93.3%.     

Acidity of machine-made snow and its effect on pH and aluminum speciation in New England streams during spring thaw

The pH of machine-made snow and its effect on an acid-sensitive watershed in Vermont were studied. Spring runoff from snowmaking was found to be less acidic and to contain less dissolved inorganic aluminum. Dissolved inorganic aluminum has been associated with damage to aquatic life. The extensive use of machine-made snow by the ski industry in most of the northeast region of the US may be beneficial to aquatic life.     

中国华南地区持续干期日数时空变化特征

利用华南地区46个地面气象站1960-2012年逐日降水数据,分析该地区各季节持续干期日数的时空分布特征。结果表明：1）近53年来,华南地区春季和夏季的持续干期日数呈波动下降趋势,下降速率分别为0.042和0.108 d·（10 a）-1;秋季和冬季的持续干期日数呈波动上升趋势,上升速率分别为1.911和0.118 d·（10 a）-1。广东省春季和夏季持续干期日数呈下降趋势,下降速率分别为0.171和0.243 d·（10 a）-1;秋季和冬季持续干期日数呈增加趋势,增加速率分别为1.737和0.32 d·（10 a）-1。广西省春、夏和秋季持续干期日数呈增加趋势,增加速率分别为0.109、0.046和2.117 d·（10 a）-1;冬季为减小趋势,减少速率为0.106 d·（10 a）-1。2）华南地区持续干期日数在春季呈从北向南逐渐增多的趋势,夏季呈自西南向东北逐渐增加的趋势,秋季呈自西向东逐渐增加的趋势,冬季呈从北向南逐渐增多的趋势。冬季的持续干期日数是4个季节中最长的,大致在20~44 d。3）华南地区春季持续干期日数变化倾向率在-1.20~1.00 d·（10 a）-1之间,增加趋势最明显的区域是广西省的南部地区,减少趋势最明显的区域是广东省的沿海地区;夏季在-1.00~0.60 d·（10 a）-1之间,呈增加趋势的区域主要位于广西省的中部和南部,呈减少趋势的区域位于广东省大部分地区和广西省的东部;秋季在0~3.50 d·（10 a）-1之间,整体呈现增加趋势,变化倾向率较大的区域主要位于广西省的中部和广东省的东北部沿海地区;冬季在-1.50~2.00 d·（10 a）-1之间,呈增加趋势的区域主要集中在广东省的中南部和东部地区,以及广西的东部边缘,呈减少趋势的区域主要集中在广东省的北部以及广西的中部和西北部地区。持续干期日数增加趋势最明显的季节是秋季。4）持续干期日数与降水量表现出负相关性,与气温和无降水日数表现为正相关性。降水量和无降水日数的变化对持续干期日数的变化起着重要的作用,而温度对持续干期日数的影响比较小。     

海南五指山和福建武夷山降水离子组成及来源

分析海南五指山及福建武夷山大气背景点2008年1月—2009年12月的降水pH及离子组成,并探讨离子来源. 结果表明:海南五指山监测点降水年均pH约为564,呈中性;武夷山监测点降水的年均pH约为530,呈弱酸性. 2个监测点降水中的SO₄2-、NO₃-和NH₄+的浓度和占总离子浓度的59%左右,表现出与城市相似的组成特征,表明这2个监测点的降水已经受到人类活动的影响. 降水酸度除受SO₄2-和NO₃-的影响外,还受到NH₄+、Ca2+和Mg2+等碱性物质的中和作用. 相对酸度和中和因子的计算表明,五指山和武夷山监测点降水酸度分别有85%和76%被碱性物质NH₄+和Ca2+中和. 富集因子计算及来源定量分析表明,这2个监测点已受到人为源的影响,人为源的贡献大于海洋源及地壳源. 武夷山监测点88%的Ca2+和56%的K+均来自人为源,主要是受人为污染物长距离传输及生物质燃烧的影响.      

Chemistry of atmospheric dust and critical load assessment in Delhi region (India)

This is the first study in the Delhi region that assesses the critical load capacity of soil systems with respect to the atmospheric deposition and air quality, from July to October in 2012. Trend analysis of NO₂ and SO₂ in Delhi, using the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) data, showed interesting patterns matching with the trends in vehicular load in the city. This was followed by the calculation of the critical load of atmospheric acidity for sulphur and nitrogen in order to check the vulnerability of the soil systems in Delhi. Here, the steady state mass balance approach was majorly applied and the study conducted in the Agra region was taken as reference. The calculated values of critical loads of sulphur (225–275?eq/ha/yr) and nitrogen (298–303?eq/ha/yr), for the soil system in Delhi, were calculated with respect to three plant species, namely Anjan grass, Hibiscus and Black siris. The present loads of sulphur (PL(S)?=?26.40?eq/ha/yr) and nitrogen (PL(N)?=?36.51?eq/ha/yr) were found to be much lower than their respective critical loads. From the results, it can be concluded that the present loads of atmospheric acidic deposition in Delhi region do not pose any danger of acidification of soil system because it is countered by buffering capacity of soil generated dust. However, considering the pace at which the city is growing, it is likely that in coming decades, the present load will increase and thus the values evaluated in this study are likely to serve as an important reference for future assessment of the pollution scenario in the city.     

牡蛎壳粉和石灰改良酸性水稻土对磷有效性、形态和酶活性的影响

我国南方粮食主产区土壤酸化治理是提升耕地地力促进粮食增产的重要内容,目的是探究酸化土壤改良剂牡蛎壳粉和石灰对水稻土酸度、磷有效性和形态以及酶活性和相关功能基因的影响.盆栽试验设计2种改良剂的3个施用量（0.05%、0.10%和0.15%）,以水稻为试验作物.结果表明：①牡蛎壳粉和石灰均显著提高土壤pH,降低土壤交换性酸,且改良效果随着改良剂用量增加而提高,相同用量下石灰对土壤酸性的改良效果高于牡蛎壳粉;② 4种有效磷提取剂提取的土壤有效磷测定结果表明,牡蛎壳粉和石灰显著提高H₂SO₄-P、Bray-1 P和Olsen-P含量,其中Olsen-P含量随改良剂用量的增加而提高.③土壤中不同形态无机磷含量表现为：Fe-P>Al-P>Ca-P,石灰和牡蛎壳粉显著提高Al-P和Fe-P含量,分别提高26.3%~37.4%和7.9%~23.7%;0.15%改良剂显著增加Ca-P含量;④石灰和牡蛎壳粉对土壤DHA、ALP、IPP活性和phoD基因拷贝数具有提高作用,而对土壤ACP活性、phoC和pqqC拷贝数表现为降低;⑤改良剂（0.10%和0.15%）显著提高水稻产量,0.15%用量的石灰和牡蛎壳粉分别提高水稻产量34.2%和46.8%,但对秸秆生物量无显著影响.相关分析表明,土壤无机磷和有效磷含量与pH和ALP活性呈显著正相关,改良剂通过消除土壤酸化和提高土壤磷酸酶活性来改善土壤磷营养状况,这对促进作物产量具有积极作用.